Philosophy Divergent Currents of Humanism Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Divergent Currents of Humanism EssayThe nationalities rooted in different traditions and maybe owed something to old trunks differences Latinos and barbarians, took shape especially the divergence of economic interests and natural conditions of Italy and Germany. Italian Humanism meant more than a break with the past, Italy was consumed in glorious intensity and soon returned to agriculture and to the smack of medieval life. Life essentially offered the Italian humanist enjoyment and creation, the Christian scheme gave way to a Greek morality, in which life was an art, freed from any sense of obligation. The religious interest was not very present at least we want to talk about a worship of beauty. His ideal was universal man fully rounded personality of a Leonardo. I tried to absorb everything and became syncretistic culture, retaining the opposing elements of Roman and Greek Christians in reconciling universal symbolism. Zeus, Jupiter, and God really meant it. Th is ideal was bound to remain aristocratic, without much anchor in popular sentiment and produced a high score and cosmopolitan artist who took easily to the envestida of the counter.The north, however, seemed to have the old spirit was however felt the north where an impulse of the forces would dominate the current era, the north broke with the church building and turned to industry trade, science . Life offered the German humanist work and self-discipline, the German turned rather to the moral Roman life was a unemotional discipline, a job and a vocation remained deeply religious obligations became even more ethical than supernatural. It is dedicated to education and scholarship.More democratic, seeking her ideal as a member of an ordered society and not as an independent personality. Before him stood flight ahead fraternal society work, could not combine the various elements and see the universal in the multiplication of symbols multiplicity of symbols is a big difference betw een the imagination of the great Italian painters and Durer, the Dutch and Flemish. Humanists Nordic passed piecemeal stages of faith illustrated medieval cosmopolitanism and urban.Touched by the Italian scholarship, dropped out and worked for a scholastic education reform without criticizing the church system. Modernity and tragedy of Erasmus The modern spirit sympathize more with the second group, and especially with Erasmus, representative ideals, having been shriveled by 200 years due to the reform, finally flourished in naturalism and humanism of the eighteenth century. Erasmo was definitely the humanistic ideal both their faults as virtues. Its narrower interests reflect limitations of humanistic attitude to the deeper forces of the time.Unconcerned by the wonderful art of his generation, without interest in the new world that would in the eyes of men, and very hostile to the scientific interest because it shifted the spirits of the human problems of morality. His biggest con cern heading into the past, not the future, rather represented tolerance, atonement and meditation. It was witty and urban, with a charming conservatism. Finished destroying old prejudices, demolishing the medieval order, had nothing to offer except a rather negative spiritual liberalism.

Traumatic Experiences Faced by Tina Essay Example for Free

Traumatic Experiences Faced by Tina Essay1.1 Traumatic experiencesAs a result of her returns commitment to her marriage, Tina may experience a wide range of traumatic experiences. As a teenage girl she is predisposed to creationness break by the step male relatives that shes living with. In this sense, she faces excited, physical and psychological scream at the hands of protracted family (Finkerlhor Browne 1985). The type of foreseen traumatic experiences is approximatelyly aggravated by Tinas profile and situation in the family.Being a step daughter, whose mother constantly wants to make an parkway to extort the union places her in a disadvantaged angle where either one of her step family members may find her either as a bane or an accessory that can be utilised to his advantage. Looking at this scenario, one cannot rule out the huge misadventure being of a sexual nature, this is cod to the contemporary affable behaviour deep down family units, where children ha ve become accessories to utilise for adults pleasure.Tinas mother and her new union could be the beginning of Tinas switch nightm atomic number 18. A chain of traumatic events could arise from just one form of abuse, for arguments sake lets take sexual abuse and unpack it to its vanquish possible chain of events. aft(prenominal) being sexually abused by either one of her step family members, Tinas could contract a sexually transmit disease she could fall pregnant and maybe be forced to go through an abortion because of fear of stigma and lack of shop at from her mother and extended family. Alternatively, Tina could end up deciding to commit suicide due tofeeling trapped, alone and depressed.1.21.2.1 Effects of Child stepChild abuse has been conceptualised by a lot of scholars in various ways, this has either misrepresented or diminished the intensity of its effects in children. I feel that how one conceptualises child abuse should capture the exact effects and aggravated mean ing it holds for its sufferers. This is a broad concept that when narrowed gives birth to various other concepts that encompass childrens victimization. Hence, for the subroutine of Tinas case, I have adopted the meaning that was captured in a study conducted within the Nigerian region. This not only gives Tinas story relevance but it also take ons with the same factors that affect an African teenager within the boundaries of a family unit is subjected to. Hence Akhilomen sees child abuse as an intentional or neglectful physical or delirious injury imposed on a child (2006).As mentioned above, Tina could be perceived as a threat or an outsider by either one of her step family members and that could lead to delirious and physical abuse such as neglect, she could be rejected and side-lined by her family members. As culture dictates, women argon expected to leave their a bustard child with their families when they start new families, Tina is then automatically subjected to such un spoken discrimination within the family. She may be at a disadvantage of favourism of the brother because he is the husbands son this making it an emotional injury and also the possibility of verbal and physical abuse arises.Children who suffer abuse within families argon said to show certain behavioural traits in society or whatsoever other groups they were initially involved in before the abuse. Suffering from the above-mentioned forms of abuse could raise feelings of sadness, anger, high treason, unworthiness and children will soon be withdrawn from social scene (Finkerlhor Browne 1985).1.2.2 Effects of Sexual abuseThe National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) describes sexual abuse as contacts or interactions between a child and an adult when the child is being used for the sexual stimulation of the adult (Kempe Kempe 1987 in Schoeman 2013 63). This conceptualisation finds relevance in Tinas case as she is used for her step brothers stimulation and benefit for sexual pleasure.Sexual abuse has four traumatic impacts in a childs life these are discussed from a clinical and socio-cultural view. Finkelhor and Browne (1985) came up with a conceptualization that could be used in research and sermon of sexual abuse victims. This is tar hurting commonwealth in pastoral roles away from the family unit where children are exposed to these stressors in this case Tina confiding in her teacher is the counterbalance step to acknowledging teachers as social activists.These are labelled as the four traumagenic dynamics and they are impacts that alter childrens cognitive and emotional orientation to the humanness and create trauma by distorting childrens self-concept, world view and effective capacities (1985). Traumatic sexualisationRefers to a process in which a childs sex activity is shaped in a developmentally inappropriate and interpersonally dysfunctional fashion as a result of sexual abuse. This stage consists of feelings towards the offender it affe cts the trust facial expression of the relationship as this case is an intra-familial encounter. This is where more behavioural signs are seen, Tina will feel a psychological disorder in her normal mental functioning. She will come along sad, confused and eventually she will withdraw from her normal self. This is the first sign that people close to her will be able to notice a disruption in her life. PowerlessnessPowerlessness impairs a child sense of efficacy, a reaction to this stage will be fear and anxiety and total wrong of control in situations that resemble the abuse (Finkerlhor Browne 1985) (Schoeman 2012-2014). As noted in the scenario, Tina already feels like going back home is like beingin a trapped hole where she has no control over what happens to her. She fears for her life, she feels more like an object to her brother than a family member BetrayalThis refers to a stage in a victims life where a number of reactions are noted, during this stage, they suffer feelin gs of grief and depression. This is coupled with feelings of hostility and anger in young girls of Tinas age. Distrust may manifest itself in isolation and fear and resentment of males which at a later stage affects their ability to operate on in healthy heterosexual relationships (Finkerlhor Browne 1985). Tinas feelings towards her mother as the person that subjected her to this she feels StigmatizationLastly, given the feelings her mother has towards Tina and their previous experience with her father, Tina will most definitely be stigmatised by the family and initially her mother as she has dismissed her attempts to report the case. This will affect Tinas ability to trust and depend on her mother as she has deliberately failed to protect her (Schoeman 2012-2014). She will have feelings of resentment towards her mother as she will feel she subjected her to this by constantly forcing her to make causal agency to accept her new family.This is validated by my initial statement nea r cultural expectations with bustard children Tina will not get support from whateverone in her circle of family as her mother will be accused of bringing this misfortune to herself. These banish connotations will not only affect the mother but Tina as easy as these feelings are associated with suicide attempts and other self-destruction behaviours.1.3 Maslows Hierarchy of of necessityFig 1.3.1 pic Safety NeedsTinas sexual abuse has distorted her normal view and perception of the world and the people in it. This has burst her safety bubble she no longer feels safe in anyones follow because her mother, being the one person to protect her has failed to do so. This has crashed her emotional and psychological link to the mother and world she looks up to. Love/BelongingFeelings of powerlessness and betrayal have left her feeling that she does not belong anywhere in the world. People whose love needs have been destroyed lose their sense of being worthful and belonging to society and hence the sky rocketing statistics of suicide amongst teenagers of Tinas age (McLeod 2007).Tina may feel that her mothers pressure to make an effort to the family has caused her all this pain and trauma and she may conclude that she does not love her or she chooses her new family instead of her. This eventually leads to rejection and feelings of worthlessness. This will affect her ability to engage in healthy heterosexual intimate relationships as she grows older, her ability to establish and maintain friendships will also be affected as she loses trust in people. Esteem NeedsA child whose esteem needs have been destroyed will find difficulty perceiving herself as a normal worthy and valued individual. It affects person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect (McLeod 2007).Children who are sexually abused usually turn to worse measures to agglomerate with the inadequacy they feel inside.SECTION 22.1 Counselling versus Support for information Problems Counselli ngDefined as a facilitative process where the direction uses particular skills to help young people help themselves more effectively (Gillis 1997). This facilitative process entails giving common sense advice and it extends the teacher-learner, parent-child relationship. Counselling is a more emotional than logical process of problem solving, in this sense, the counsellor has to be more aware of the childrens perspective of things and be able to come up with an interactional plan to help that child cope and solve the problem at hand. Counselling provides the child with a chance for growth and change. In this instance, Tina needs her teachers, ally educators and mostly her mother to help her find a way to address and deal with the abuse in her life. Counselling versus Learning Problem ConceptualizationLearning problems refer to the difficulty faced by children in partaking to academic/educational activities. These may be unpacked as limitations to comprehension of study content a s rise as reading and writing (Schoeman 2012-14). This is characterised by the inability to engage in class activities or carry out academic tasks like other children, these are then regarded as learning problems which given the availability of professional help, the teachers may have to intervene and help.Counselling is a facilitative process where the counsellor uses detail skills to help young people help themselves more effectively (Gillis 1997). This facilitative process entails giving common sense advice and it extends the teacher-learner, parent-child relationship. Counselling is a more emotional than logical process of problem solving, in this sense, the counsellor has to be more aware of the childrens perspective of things and be able to come up with an interactional plan to help that child cope and solve the problem at hand. Order/Method of PracticeThe approach or method of addressing these two roles differs regarding the needs of the child as well expectation of perfor mance from the person in the pastoral role.Counselling entails the use of emotional relations into facilitation to helping the children become bring out problem solvers. There are certain skills that are required from the person who takes on the counselling role. This then dictates the order or manner in which the counsellor can create a condusive environment for the children. In these one may include the categories for counselling responses. These are namely evaluating, interpreting, supporting/reassuring, questioning/probing, advice, communication, verbal and non-verbal responses and silence. These are all broken down to give a scope of the know how of counselling.Learning support is a different ball game when it comes to going about it. Here the teacher has to take into consideration the state of being of the child, have full understanding of the problem and its dynamics. Schoeman (2012-2014) provides a list of guidelines that teachers are to follow in order to effectively assis t children with learning problems. These guidelines are as follows keep sessions short, meet regularly with the learner, sessions should be highly structured, keep anxiety levels at minimum, centre on specific issues being addressed and keep morale high.2.2 Trauma and its Effects on Tinas lifeTrauma implies intense emotional lesion that may comprise of bodily wounds, it entails the wounding of a persons emotion, spirit, will to live, beliefs about themselves and the world, dignity and sense of security (Matsakis 1996 in Schoeman 2012-2014). It refers to any negative event that causes an individual to re-experience an earlier traumatic event so that the current event somehow becomes as traumatic as, or at least potently reminiscent of, the earlier event must(prenominal) itself be regarded as traumatic (Urman, Funk Elliot 2001403-4).The trauma suffered by Tina is unpacked to various stages of response andfeelings, amongst these, one has noticed pass off processes as to those des cribed for the purposes of sexual abuse, and as a result, this section will only address the retaliation feelings from Tina. In this sense, Tinas story will be addressed according to Lewis three traumatic phases of response (199515-16). These are namely the impact phase, the recoil phase and the re-integration phase. Impact PhaseThis stage can stand up from a few seconds to days immediately after the trauma, Matsakis continues to state that the victim may appear emotionally disorientated, confused irrational and disorganised (199634-5). At this drive Tina will need comfort and reassurance from her adult figures and pastoral actors such as her teachers. At this stage assurance, comfort and love are the key things she needs from people around her. Recoil PhaseAccording to Lewis, this is the reality phase (199515). Tina will experience feelings of sadness, guilt and anger. At this point in her life, Tina will have positive feelings of post-traumatic stress resulting from a constant reminder or reality and flashbacks from her sexual accompanying. Re-integrationThis phase holds Tina captivated in her own mental and psychological body as she eventually assimilates this horrible experience as part of her life. She however slowly learns to reintegrate herself with people, this is her bodys way of trying to heal and overcome the traumatic experience. Here she will show enthusiasm to reconnect with people the way she did before the trauma (Lewis 199916).2.3 Parental Involvement versus Parental CounsellingIt has been established that children who suffer any form of abuse need thesupport of their elderly people to overcome the effects of the traumatic experiences. Amongst the people who can provide this form of support are parents and teachers. As a result it is important to note the angle in which parents can be included in the programs for assisting children. Parental CounsellingThis form of support is addressed to the parents as primary caregivers to the children w ith learning difficulties. In this support programme parents are taught how to handle and give support to their children as a form of confederacy with the teachers in managing the problem a child may be facing. The focal point lies in this form of problem being intrinsic and more emotional for both the parent and child. In some cases parents suffer from ignorance and fail to understand or even identify the problem (Schoeman 2012-2014). It is in this sense that parental counselling becomes useful. Parental InvolvementParental conflict need not only to be for the formal meetings with the school authorities but Schoeman (2012-2014) notes that parents should be involved in all that involves their children within the school. Amongst these activities school learning and intervention programmes, they should be involved in teaching their children in particular skills that can be useful to their development. Their involvement in cultural and sport activities not only benefits the child but the entire school benefits from an involved parent.2.4 Tinas InterventionIt is important for school teachers to be familiar with the mandated reporting laws and know to what agency they should report suspected sexual abuse (most often, Child Protective Services). To prevent Tina from feeling betrayed after she has confided sexual abuse, teachers must first get approval from the child to get the authorities and other institutions involved to resolve the matter.Remedial intervention comprises of six principles of practice (Schoeman 2012-2014). In these the teacher will have to design a detailed and proper planned learning strategy for Tina. Tina needs patience as a result I find it relevant to employ attention to basic skill, motivation and evaluation principles into practice. In this I feel helping Tina will require more while in between school breaks and maybe after classes to establish a proper workable strategy for individual treatment.The first step to reporting this incident wi ll be to alert the school support system and the governing body of this situation. This will happen with Tinas consent. The school governing body and committee will then summon Tinas mother to school to make her aware of the problem as well as of Tinas attempts to report the abuse. later this meeting, a decision to further report the police will be tabled and a decision will be reached to act in the benefit of the victim. After the formalities have been dealt with, Tina and her mother will be taken to a community wellness centre for children and get counselling as they have to get help with living beyond this abuse. Tina will continue to get remedial treatment in class until she shows signs of reintegration.Reference listAkhilomen, D.O (2006) Addressing Child Abuse in Southern Nigeria The role of the Church. Studies in World Christianity, Vol 12(3) pp235-248. Available at http//muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0type=summaryurl=journals/studies_in_world_ch.. Date Accessed 10th August 2013Fi nkelhor, D Browne, A ( 1985) The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse A conceptualisation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 55(4). Available at http//univerityofnewhemisphere.ac.za. Date Accessed 10th August 2013Harley, K., Barasa, F., Bertram, C., Mattson, E. Pillay, S (2000) The real and the ideal Teacher roles and competencies in South African polity andpractice. International Journal of Education Development Vol 20(2000) pp 287-304. Available at http//ukzn.ac.za.Date Accessed 10th August 2013McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.htmlSchoeman, S (ed) (2012-2014) The educator in a pastoral role. University of South Africa

Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation

Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation female horse (titanium number 47144) is a retired, 65-year-old lady who visited the clinic, for the stand-in of her teeth in quadrant 4 (33-36) after the removal of the old bridge and the abutments by a private dentist due to weakened abutments. accord to the patient, her last visit to the dentist was 2 weeks before her first appointment with me. It was for the removal of the residual root of 44 which served as one of the abutments for the previous bridge. Maria brushes her teeth twice a day, exploitation a soft bristle toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste. She also flosses and rinses her mouth with Listerine mouthwash twice a day.The patient has key cardiac arrhythmia, chronic bronchitis, fracture on vertebrae T5 and T7, depression, fibrocystic breast, hypertension, sciatica leg, scoliosis, type 2 diabetes and osteoarthritis on her rotator cuffs as well as her knees. She is allergic to resedronate sodium.Socially, Maria is a smoki ng carriage and she smokes 15 cigarettes a day since she was 17 and she is not thinking of quitting. She drinks occasionally.Upon oral examination, her oral hygiene is generally good with some mild plaque and infinitesimal calculus deposition. Her PSR score was 0 for all sextants, suggesting no active periodontal disease but generalized gingival recession was present. Her 24-27 as well as 34-36 was replaced by bridges. There were restorations on almost all of the dentitions with barely 4 sound teeth. However, no active carious lesion was found.Tobacco smoking can cause pervert to almost every system of the humans body, contributing to a variety of diseases thus increasing the mortality rate.1 Moreover, studies have shown that smoking can rival oral health in diverse manners such as increasing occurrence of oral cancer, periodontitis as well as cause teeth discolouration.2 Therefore, it is the responsibility of a dental practitioner to address this issue. In Marias case, the hab it of smoking is rather alarming because it not only can affect the oral health but her general wellness. From her aesculapian history, it has been shown that she is suffering from multiple diseases that can be modified by tobacco smoking. more or less significantly, smoking is the major cause of chronic bronchitis and can further exacerbate the symptoms.3 Hence, motivational interviewing was attempted to help Maria in quitting smoking.I started the motivational interviewing sitting by exploring the stage of change Maria was at. According to Maria, she has pattern of quitting but it was very difficult because smoking provide her a means to relieve misgiving and depression. She also expressed that she was not ready to quit. From here, it can be deduced the she is at pre-contemplation stage. Subsequently, I asked for her permission to discuss about this issue, emphasizing that the decision of quitting is up to her. She concord and in return, I give affirmation by thanking for her willingness to talk about quitting.To elicit the change talk, I started by further exploring the source of her barrier. She told me that her medical conditions and the need for surgery were making her depressed. From here, I presumed that her concern about health could be a good motivator. Then, I asked her the reason as to why she has thought of quitting. In response, she said that she wanted to be healthier and that she was aware of the disadvantages of smoking as her GP had always advised her to quit. Furthermore, smoking had also become a financial burden for her. At this point, I summarized that her goal was to rectify her health. Hoping to develop a discrepancy between smoking and her goal, I asked her to think about the advantages of quitting smoking. She replied that by quitting smoking, she might be able to become healthier and save some money. When I asked her about her ability to make the change, she replied with I really dont know. As I was facing resistance, I tried t o find an alternative question. When she was asked about what she would do to make the change, I got a similar reply I am not indisputable. With her permission, I introduced her to the quit line. Finally, I concluded with reiteration of the discrepancy between smoking and her goal to become healthier.A brief evaluative session was done before a restorative procedure when I updated her medical history. She told me that she just had a biopsy done, suspected with breast cancer and still using cigarette to relieve stress. Due to time pressure, the session stopped here.Judging from Marias response during the conversation, it can be seen that although I have successfully encouraged her to think and talk about the issue, the intention of quitting is humiliated. The response I really dont know and I am not sure suggest that she is highly in doubt of her ability to quit. In addition, it is clear that cigarette as a stress reliever is a strong ambivalency that stops her from quitting.I fe el that the session was a good start for both Maria and I but there is still a make out of improvement needed. To illustrate, I lack the experience in giving appropriate affirmations. There were a few instances where my affirmations were rather awkward. Besides, I need to improve my scientific discipline in complex reflection. For instance, when she talked about the source of depression which was her health, I could have leaded her to a new thought whereby smoking cessation can improve health and hence, reducing the source of depression. I could have also asked Maria to compare the advantages and disadvantages of smoking. This might help her to recognize her goal and ambivalence better. As she has low confidence in quitting, there should be more discussion as to how help could make a difference.4In conclusion, motivational interviewing can be a good approach to induce behavioural change in patients however practice is needed to develop the skills and to execute it effectively.Refe rencesDoll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in sexual relation to smoking 50 yearsobservations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004 3281519-1528.Sham AS, Cheung LK, Jin LJ, Corbet EF. The effects of tobacco use on oral health. Hong Kong Med J 2003 9271277.Rebecca JT, point-blank ES, Bernard R, Dimitrios T, Walter CW. Cigarette Smoking and Incidence of Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma in Women. Chest 1995 108(6)1557-1561.David B. Rosegren. Building Motivational Interviewing Skills A Practitioner Workbook. 1 edn. Washington The Guilford Press, 2009.

Renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences EssayThis article provides background for the up-to-date rock anele militia scarcity problem, enormousness of sustainable energies, as nearly as the advantages and shortcomings of renewable energies information. In addition, it covers the review of renewable nothing policies of four different countries, that is to say Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The article also summarizes results of this study by comparing approaches taken by the governments of the abovementioned nations to solve the energy scarcity issue. Although these four developing countries take different approaches in addressing the problem, they sh atomic number 18 a common ultimate objective by reducing dependence on dodo give the sack and the follow of hazardous mishandlees, including greenhouse gases and unhealthful gases, discharged into the atmosphere. While certain renewable energies such as biomass energy and wind fou ntain have a tendency to generate negligible amounts of deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide, separates, however, atomic number 18 environmental friendly. Thus, the renewable energies developed by these countries are fairly promising and will bring significant benefits to the countries if managed wisely. Lastly, this article also attempts to draw a conclusion on the study of the four policies based on key aspects such as innate resources available and the countries vision and propose some recommendations for just victimisation.Keywords Renewable energy, Sustainable, Environment1. IntroductionEnergy drives nearly all parts of modern life such as the transportation sector and electrical energy propagation. approximately primary energies are derived from petroleum 1. Overreliance on petroleum has become a serious global issue in the 21st century. According to the US section of Energy (US DOE) report, petroleum reserves are diminishing at a faster rate than the discovery speed. Based on current rock oil reserves, the current consumption rate and projected consumption rate are 1354 billion barrels, 86.1 million barrels per day (in course of study 2007) and 92.1 million barrels per day (in year 2020) respectively 2. Current petroleum reserves are expected to be depleted within the next four decades.The situation is worsening with the speedy produce of motorization, transportation and industrialization activities. This has led to a steep cabbage in crude oil prices due to last beg for fossil provide 3. previous to 2000, the crude oil price in NYMEX was generally under USD20/barrel. With a higher demand than tally, the price rose to USD60/barrel in 2005 and subsequently beam up to USD100/barrel in 2011 4.To maintain the standard of living, huntinging for pick energy resources to replace the current primary fuel source is inevitable. Furthermore, the use of alternative energy does not only solve the depletion of petroleum problem, but also generate s significant environmental 5-7, economic and social benefits if managed with due regard to sustainability constraints 8.In addition, efforts on efficiency improvement in energy production and use should not be neglected 9. In fact, this effort should receive early attention as these objectives are easier to attain , require less investment during the commissioning stage than at the optimization stage and are environmentally friendly in concourse the needs of every developing rustic 10, 11.The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare four developing countries renewable energy policies in Southeast Asia. In addition, advantages and shortcomings of the policies are also identified and discussed in the later section. Further, a summary is drawn up regarding to the countries existing policies and frameworks. Lastly, suggestions for improvement on the policies are also include in this study for future review.2. A broad look at the renewable energy policy of different developing countriesEvery developing country has its own unique renewable energy policy. Although some countries share a common objective or interest, none of the renewable energy policies can be identical to other(a) renewable energy policies. For instance, the Philippines, a country which has few natural resources is in the main focusing on geothermal power in its renewable energy policy. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, on the other hand, has a more diversified renewable energy policy. In other words, the renewable energy policy of a country varies according to the countrys direction and natural resources available. In addition, efficiency of energy generated, energy used and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during the review stage in certain policies. Although these factors do not directly affect or contribute to the development of renewable energies, impacts related to these factors should not be underestimated. Ignorance (on these issues) may lead to more serious catastrophic consequences to the world as some of the impacts pose significant threats to the global saving, sustenance security, air quality and the condition of humans health 12.2.1 Renewable energy policy of MalaysiaTraditionally, Malaysia, a country which is known for having vast amounts of petroleum resources, relies heavily on oil and gas (84%) and hydropower (16%) 13 for electrical energy generation. However, due to maturity of some oil reservoirs, production of oil has decreased gradually from 862 thousand barrels per day in 2004 to 713 thousand barrels per day in 2010 14 and 630 thousand barrels per day in 2011 15. This problem has forced the government of Malaysia looking for viable renewable energies. To advance the process, the government of Malaysia has established a fund, known as the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) amounting MYR 5 billion 16 as an effort to identify alternative green energy and develop green technology. Four key renewable energy sources have been identified, namely hydropower, solar power, wind energy and biomass energy. all told these energies are expected to replace petroleum in the next 50 historic period.However, current researches on alternative energy are in general concentrating on palm tree oil based biomass and biofuel with palm oil methyl esters being the preferred fuel. According to a preliminary estimation, palm oil biofuel could generate up to 20% of the countrys electricity by 2020 17 and expect to replace the non-renewable fuel source, petroleum.Nevertheless, combustion of biofuel is always associated with greenhouse gases discharge such as carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide). Global atmospheric CO2 ingress has reported been increasing over the past century from 280ppm to 390ppm 18. Malaysia was reportedly discharged 164.2 million tonne CO2 or 5.98 tonne CO2 per capita in 2009 19. It is estimated nigh 235.6% higher than the figure reported in 1990. A steep rise of CO2 disc harge signifies the increase of environmental and health problems such as drought, rise in sea level, heavy downpours or flooding, increase mortality of wildlife, intense heat waves and increase risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases 20-22. Although some parties claim that development of biofuel could reduce emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion, the economic, environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary 19. The data does not take into consideration that disforestation for planting of palm trees used for biofuel production can result in one-time releases of CO2 which could be very large 19.Furthermore, use of palm oil as feedstock in biodiesel production is also not economically feasible. Production cost of biofuel has escalated with increasing demand on palm oil due to the use of palm oil as edible oil in cooking. Although there are scopes to increase yield, massive conversion of palm oil to biodiesel will reduce re serves and eventually lead to higher palm oil prices 23. In addition, increase in demand of palm oil would also drive global feed prices higher and increase the competition for edible oil. It is undeniable that the abovementioned problems can be solved with increases palm oil production, but production increases have required rapid expansion of the area planted under oil palm 24, giving rise to serious concerns over deforestation and habitat loss as well as the drainage of peat lands. While short term governmental support such as tax exemption, regulatory intervention and promotion campaign run for an important role in the biofuel development, the long term sustainability prospect pertaining to the environmental impact and economic is uncertain.2.2 Renewable Energy Policy of the PhilippinesThe government of the Philippines, however, focuses their effort mainly on geothermal energy development. It can be clearly seen from the country power generation statistic that the geothermal e nergy accounts for 12% of the countrys ingrained electricity generation 25. With the total capacity of 2000MW geothermal power plant in operation, Philippines is considered as the worlds second largest geothermal power producer 26. This figure is far higher than the amount of energy generated by any other types of renewable energy. The effort on geothermal energy development is expected to be continued as it provides a promising future to the country.The reason why the government of the Philippines maintains its existing policy is due to present of numerous volcanos in Philippines. According to Sussman et. al., Philippines islands are complex meeting of island arcs which have been accreting between two tectonic plates. Two opposing subduction zones have generated a series of volcanoes which extends the length of the Philippines, from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Most of the known high temperature (240C) geothermal governances in the Philippines are associated with these v olcano 27.At the same time, the government of the Philippines also attempts to develop biomass energy. Philippines is known as an clownish country which produces abundant of biomass resources 28 such as rice straw, coconut shell and sugarcane residues. These resources are believed to have a large contribution to biomass energy production as it could supply dogging stream of feedstock for biomass energy generation.Although researches on other types of energy such as biomass energy and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, progress of the researches form modest. The problem is mainly due to lack of financial support from the Philippiness Department of Energy and private investors. Limited financial resource available is a huge barrier for the development of biomass energy. In addition, lack of incentives is another factor that hinder biomass energy development as the production cost is considerably higher than fossil fuel price 29.2.3 Renewable Energy Policy of Indonesia Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, intends to reduce its dependence on the fossil fuel and aims to reduce the depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves30, by diversifying its focus on solar energy, wind energy, ocean wave energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy generation 31.Below are the policies related to Renewable Energy development 32Green Energy Policy (Ministerial Decree No.2/2004)Small Power Generation using Renewable Energy (Ministerial Decree No. 1122 K/30/MEM/2002)Geothermal Law (Law No. 27/2003) regulation on electricity Supply and Utilization (Government Regulation No. 03/2005)The government of Indonesia also encourages private sector and community participations through a small renewable power purchase tariff 26. Through this programme, renewable power producers are given freedom to develop their own renewable power plants such as micro hydro power plants, mini wind farms and solar power plants in rural area.In addition, the government of Indon esia also invests a vast amount of money on biomass 33 and biofuel development. One of the examples is combustion of rice take away and biodiesel. The country produces an average of 50 million tonnes of rice husk each year. These rice husks have a very low commercial value and trammel application. Hence, the government of Indonesia propose to build some rice husk and biodiesel power plants adjacent to rice mills or palm oil plantations to supply energy to the local community. Based on preliminary estimation, the country would enjoy an additional 1600MW power generated each year from the biomass energy generated 26.However, combustion of biomass is not environmentally friendly. some of the hazardous compounds generated such as smoke, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile thoroughgoing compounds are carcinogenic or may cause cancer. Furthermore, emission of carbon dioxide and methane may also lead to global warming problem. According to World Health Organization estimation , more people in the developing world die each year from conditions related to air pollution which is mostly from inefficient, solid-wood-burning stoves 34. According to a study conducted by World Health Organization, air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for almost 2 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease in the year 2004 35. This makes biomass combustion the second biggest environmental endorser to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation 35.Although the promising geothermal power and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, development of the areas seems to be difficult as potential investors are deterred by the lack of financial viability guarantee and unstable political circumstance 26. Moreover, distribution or supply of electricity to remote areas or communities is not economically feasible and the state-of-art technology involved of this energy is more expensive than energy produced by conventional hydrocarbon fired plants 30 . Thus, the intention of building a large scale hydropower plant has been postponed for years.2.4 Renewable Energy Policy of VietnamUnlike other developing countries, Vietnam is presently on the rapid deliverance ontogenesis track and is enjoying economic prosperity which it has never experience before. A decade after the end of the Vietnam War, Vietnam underwent an intensive economic reform known as Doi Moi or socialist-oriented market prudence which encouraged foreign and private investments in various industries or sectors 36, 37. Since then the economic performance of Vietnam had started to escalate and experienced a more intensive growth than ever before 38. This growth has mainly been the results of the strong performance of five sectors, namely manufacturing, fishery, agricultural, tourism and services industries. Although the economy of Vietnam, like other countries, has also encountered several economy setbacks such as the Asian Financial Crisis, the Burst of the Bubb le of Information Technology and the Subprime Economic Crisis, the countrys economy has recovered very rapidly each time after the crisis and has managed to attain average GDP growth of 6 to 9% annually 39.Improvement of economic performance has indirectly driven up the countrys energy demand. According to the data provided by the Institute of Energy of Vietnam, energy or electricity generated were estimated around 21TWh, 40TWh and 67TWh for the years of 2000, 2004 and 2008 respectively 40, 41, with fossil fuel as a primary source of fuel. Based on the figures provided above, the average annual growth rate of energy demand was estimated at about 15% for this period. Despite having abundant fossil fuel reserves, it is noteworthy that the population of Vietnam 42 also increased in line with economic growth 38. In addition, Vietnams transportation sector is still undergoing explosive growth. By making the assumption that the rate of growth in energy demand remains constant, the total e nergy or electricity required by 2030 will be 654TWh 36.This situation has forced the government of Vietnam looking for sustainable alternative energies. Failure to search for more renewable energies will eventually turn Vietnam into net importer 38, which will give its economy a hard hit as high oil price could lead to a higher manufacturing and living costs. Furthermore, IMF and Citigroup predicted that Vietnam will be subjected to further currency devaluation 43 in years ahead due to inflation problem. All these factors will lead to a more severe economy setback if they fail to develop more sustainable energies to replace the scarce fossil fuel.Electricity supply in Vietnam currently is virtually provided by the local government as more than three quarters of the power plants in Vietnam are operated by either government organizations under the governance of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam41 or organizations which the government has stake or indirect interest in the co mpanies. In short, most of the power plants are state-owned properties. These power plants are basically established under the first Power Development Master Plan, which is introduced to support the economic reformation 44. Majority of the electricity supply to the northern and southern regions of Vietnam is generated using fossil fuel such as oil and gas (48%) and coal (17.9%) 39, which is considered unsustainable to both environment and economy. Electricity supply to the central part of Vietnam, on the other hand, is mostly generated using hydropower, which is accounted for 27.4% of the electricity supply in Vietnam 39 and is cleaner than fossil fuel combustion. Use of hydropower can be explained by the number of rivers available in Vietnam, which has about 2400 rivers of 10km long 41. This enables the country enjoying the free and clean resource without compromising its sustainability policy. However, the potential of hydropower is still not full exploited in Vietnam. Based on ro ugh estimation, up to 70TWh of hydropower electricity could be generated annually 36. The figure is higher than the countrys current energy need. Thus, the government of Vietnam is currently reviewing the existing strategy and master plan to develop hydropower for the period up to 2015 45. The plan of developing hydropower is not a sole solution, but certainly a wise move.In addition to the development of hydropower, the government of Vietnam also explore the possibility of utilizing wind power to generate electricity. In comparison to other countries, Vietnam has a better potential for wind energy development 46 as the country has a higher average wind speed of 7 to 9 m/s at a height of 65m 40. Another reason encourages the country to develop hydropower is that it provides a competitive generation cost advantage. An estimation based on current wind power generation, with the cost of 8 US cents/kWh 40, indicates that the generation cost of wind power is at least 50% cheaper than oth er renewable energies. Moreover, wind farms can also be utilized to cultivate crops 47. In other words, installation of wind turbines would not deter the development of the agricultural sector. This is in particular important to the country as the agricultural sector contributes significantly to its GDP. Furthermore, agricultural activities are bread and butter for people of the country. According to the Federal Research Division, agricultural activities account for the employment of approximately 60% of the nations workforce 48. Thus, development of wind power could bring double benefits to the country. Although wind power generation is also associated with CO2 emission, the emission rate of CO2 from wind turbines is 100 times lower than that of coal combustion, which is insignificant or negligible.A part from the abovementioned energies, the government of Vietnam also explored other potential renewable energies such as solar power, biomass energy 49. Solar energy is a very promis ing renewable energy for Vietnam as it is placed very close to equator and receives up to 4500 hours sun light every year. Likewise, generation of electricity using biomass is also sustainable as Vietnam is rich in organic and natural resources such as forest, plants, agricultural by-products and edible oil.However, development of renewable energy was very slow and the move was not well received by the community previously. This was mainly due to factors such as limited understanding of renewable energies, lack of expertise support in this field and ignorance about importance of renewable energy to the country. Thus, the updated revised Master Plan for Nation Power Development of Vietnam has already included design principles for the implementation of the Vietnam Competitive Generation merchandise 50 to increase potential of renewable energy development. In addition, renovation of management is also taken into consideration to attract foreign investors 37 and foreign talents. Mean while, the Ministry of Finance also shows a strong support on the plan by increasing tax imposed on profit gained by power plants through oil, gas and coal combustion.3. ConclusionIn conclusion, energy is essential to every countrys development. However, overreliance on fossil fuels in energy generation has become a critical issue. pursual the footsteps of the developed countries, most developing countries in Southeast Asia have started reviewing their sustainable energy policies and searched for viable renewable energies to replace the scarce resources. While some countries contract to focus on biomass energy or wind power research and development, others, on the other hand, take a more diversified approach. These policies are mainly designed according to the resources available and each countrys vision. For instance, Malaysia allocates more financial resources on biofuel development as the country possesses vast amounts of palm oil plantation or land. While the Philippines choos e to maintain its exploration effort on geothermal energy and biomass developments as country is located in the western part of the peaceable Rim, which is the weakest part of the earth crust 51. This gives the country the advantage of using the magna of the earth crust to generate steam and electricity. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, tries to variegate fuel resources by exploring different potential energies. Their counterpart, Vietnam, however, chooses to invest on hydropower development as it has more than 2400 rivers with 10km long 41. In addition, efficiency of energy generated and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during policy review stage as legislators believed that under-estimation of the impacts related to these factors may lead to catastrophic impairments to environment and economy.It is undeniable that development of all these renewable energies would reduce human dependence on fossil fuel, however the long term prospect f or these energies is uncertain. For instance, combustion of biofuel may not be environmental friendly as well as economically viable in the long term. Thus, a more comprehensive evaluation should be taken into consideration during the policy review stage. In addition, present energy strategy should adapt to new criteria which must be followed in future energy system development 52.

Evidenced Based Practice In Social Care Social Work Essay

Evidenced Based Practice In companionable C ar Social Work EssayEvidence- ground coif is a way that is followed in providing hygienicness perplexity which is put acrossd by thoughtful integration of the very best of the on-goingly available knowledge with a clinical expertise. This approach of look for in nursing practice delivers the medical practitioner to score a critical assessment of the look for adapt, the clinical guidelines as comfortably as other sources of tuition to enhance correct identification of the clinical problem and thus application of the most high quality interventions while re-evaluating the outcome for further improvements in the future. jibe to Cochrane collaboration separate based health solicitude is a conscientious offing of the current best evidence to make termination about the c ar accustomed to the longanimouss or in the delivery dish up of the health and social run (Titler, Goode, 2001) The concept of evidence is calld to refer to range of tangible randomness that is usable in identifying a problem and the necessity of responding to it wreaking an essential requirement for later evaluation purposes. The idea of current best evidence is knowledge that is up to date and relevant on that pointfore pile be sued in carrying out of a valid question about various forma of health and social conduct, the come-at-able harm from exposure to certain agents, accuracy of the diagnostic tests and finally the power of the predictability of the prognostic powers. This paper willing offer a critical review of the evidence based practice as in concerns to the field of health and social care in nursing profession (Mason Chaffee, 2002)The term evidence based medicinal drug was first sued in the 1980s and was utilize to describe the approaches that were used to in determining the best practice and was alter shifted to become evidence based practice especially after its importance in decisions making were recognized by clinicians and physicians. after that expert begun talking of the evidence based health care as process in which research evidence was used to make decisions regarding specific population or groups of patients hence assuming that the evidence was used in context of use of the particular group or patients preferences, desires, clinical situation and finally on the expertise of the clinicians. Experts as expect that the healthcare professionals are able to read, critique as considerably as synthesize the research findings to help them in interpreting the existing evidence based guideline soft e clinical practice.In recent years funding agencies have been increasing their pressure on the federal, state and local government to incase the effectiveness as well as the accountability of the pr reddentive and intervention programs. The rising demand for increased quality of health and social programs and evidence of such quality ahs fostered for increased gratify in the evidence based p rograms. These programs judge to be evidence based if the evaluation research indicates that the program is producing positive and expected result, and that the result can actually be attributed to the specific program but not on extraneous factor, if the evaluation is previewed by the experts while in the field and finally the programs must be endorsed by a respected research agency or federal agency which have listed it as one of their effective programs (McCarthy, 2007).The evidence based practice have been stick outting an increasing atdecadetion in the field of health and social care and it focuses on the perspectives of the professionals in the midwifery, physiotherapy, social acre and nursing. This new approach is seen as an rose-colored approach and has had wide acceptance as it demonstrates an presidential term attempts to bridge the existing research practice divide which lay claim on in the process of interpretation of research outcomes as concerning the practice pro tocols, guidelines and standards.Nurses have often served instrumental roles in the process of ensuring as well as provision of the evidence based practice by dint of a continuous asking of question reading the best evidence for the interventions, provisions of the best practice and finally on the possibility of achieving the highest outcome twain for the patient, family and nurse. Therefore they have al shipway been positioned to working with in collaboration with colleagues when it comes to identification of clinical problems and in the use of the exiting evidence in priding an improved practice. There are numerous opportunities that nurses can question in order to ensure that the current nursing practices use the evidence based methods to improve and make provision of health and social acre more effective.The evidence based practice research has benefited the health and social care advantage nominaters and agencies in various ways. Some of the benefits includes helping nurse s to provide patient care that is based on research and knowledge rather than on normality, intuition, traditions, myths, advice of colleague, personal experiences outdated books and hunches. Other benefits include the better and improved patient outcomes, keeps the nursing practice current and relevant, increases confidence when it comes to decision making processes, ensures that policies ad procedures in the practice are current and includes the latest research hence backing the JCAHO -readiness and finally the integration of evidence based practice in to the practice of nursing is very important for provision of high quality patient care and achievement of the ANCC Magnet Recognition Program designation ((McCarthy, 2007).Evidence based practice in the filed of social care is defined as the conscious, explicit and apt process of using the current best evidence in the making of decisions that regards the welfare of the service user and careers.For the past decade health and socia l service providers have been under(a) pressure to increase accountability in the provision of their service especially regarding methods of measuring the effectiveness of health and social services for voice on what works the best and on the introduction of diverse range of murder indicators in the field. Some of the question that that nurses and care givers ask themselves regarding the evidence based practice in the field oh health and social care include the types of methods of evidence based that promote the best practice while ensuring that patient get the best and improved health and social services that factor in their personal preference, cultural and social differences. Effectiveness of social provision services under that electric shaverren are all securely wedded to careers that are capable ensuring provision of safe and effective care during the duration of their childhood and the related indicator of performance in the reduction of to no more than sixteen percent o f children looked after who have two to tree annual placement (French, 2002).The concept of effectiveness in the involve the appropriateness and validity of the methods theater used by professionals in their daily work to ensuring that the basic aims of the organization and the overall abilities of the agencies in delivering services they inevitable to while the concept of performance is concerned with the ability of n agency to achieve predetermined targets that are viewed as the determinants of both quality and quantity of the services delivered. The three Es i.e. effectiveness, efficiency and performance were the performance indicators during the 1980s. In the social and health service care the attention of the public was shifted towards the issue spreading child abuse and protection tragedies that were culminated in the enquiry of Cleveland case. This led to an increasing identification number of question asked concerning the effectiveness of the process of assessment sexual a buses in children and the interventions that were targeted at the victims and the perpetrators.Social service departments as well as other social acre providers are universe increasing expected to be accountable for the effectiveness of the service that that are delivered both at the organizational level as well as on the specific programs used in various interventions (Gray, 1997) Therefore info engineering as played a critical role when it comes to providing the means of which organizations and agencies utilize in monitoring the social service it provides and hence becoming capable of providing information that is used to achieve accountability. Focusing on the effectiveness has fostered the raising of fundamental issues regarding the nature of the research of the social work.When on considers the evidence that emerges from the National Health Service, there is a massive variations in the health service provided both for the cost between identical treatments and also in the dura tion and provision of the various form of treatments. Such difference can only be informed based o n the different medical or social needs as well as on the questions raised on the electiveness of such treatments. Some of the initiative designed to help in improving the services provided by health providers include the creation of national institute for clinical excellence which is intended to improve service through the use of shared knowledgebase as well as the cross out standards (Titler, Goode, 2001)In addition to that another impact of the effectiveness agenda in the provision of social and health service can be evident in the proliferation of the policy as well as guidance documents as well as the creation of specific initiatives intended to increaser guides in the field for instance the heart for Evidence-Based Social Services (CEBSS). At a national level there has been development of detailed guidance as well as practice manual(a) both for the social care staff and othe r professional regarding the procedures that are followed in the handling of cases of suspected child abuse but all these transfer specifically on the extent in which they based on research or on other agency priorities.Finally the most concrete formula of the best practice in social care services is the Centre for Evidence-Based Social Services started in 1997 and based at Exeter University. The centre aims at ensuring that the decision take at every level of social service are based on trends and quality research and it conduct reproduction on ways of achieving the stated aims. The Centre for Evidence-Based Social Services is partnership between the department of health and the social services department from corner to corner of England and at Exeter University. The organization has recently expanded to other areas and associations have various aims including the followingTo help in the translation of the results of the existing research in to the service and development of the practice.Ensures that the findings derived from research are made available to the social service departments especially during the review and changing of the delivery systemsTo promote collaboration with other stakeholders like degree and PQ to ensuring that the training conducted in social work incorporates the available knowledge from existing researchImprovement of ordinary informational dissemination especially of research findings to the local policy makers, practitioners, managers, careers and service usersCommissioning of research on areas where information gaps are identify finally is to ensure working towards level where surface user and careers are included as the valuable sources of information especially when it comes on the service effectiveness projects.Untangling the Web-The impact of internet use on the social care and the physician-patient RelationshipMethodsThe current translate lies at the intersection process and outcome topic, in the process of exploring th e impacts of the internet use on the social care as well as the physician-patient relations. It processes insight into the operations by which individuals access and use online social care information. It borrows much from the clear based soft approaches. Interviews were carried out to investigate peoples meanings that are attached to their internet use, in relation to their social as well as day-day life. To ensure that the engagement of the internet user is grasped with the online medium, it was as well much epochal to meet the seekers of the information in their location of activity. The initial contact and recruitment of the interviewees were hence situated online.Email InterviewsWith the internet users looking for social care information online, the netmail interview was conducted. The recruitment of the interviewees was on UK weather vanesites for lawyers for low income people, social guidance counsellors, food providers and government officials, amongst others. The reaso n for focusing on such like web site was because they in most cases address themselves to the public with a multiple to the public in general with multiple social issues. There are even in most cases related topics developed on the similar website. Lawyers for low income as well as food providers for instance provides various general impoverishment level, while general social care website becomes an important place to government and non governmental organization involvement, and also attracts various profiles of social care information seekers.These websites were identified through systematic internet research, by the use of 20 search engines as well as directories. The initial search came up with 920 websites. By the use of frequency criteria, as well as presence, 4o websites were selected. Then, they were conducted and invited for the invited to contribute to the research at hand. Amongst them, 10 websites responded positively and the research was advertised either as a web link on one of there pages, or as message in groups of discussions. The researcher posted it, after being permitted by the website administrator. Other ten were later added fin light of evidence about their appropriate content their frequent by the first interviewer.The advertisement was made to direct internet users to the website of the research where the study goals, methods and privacy were all explained. On top of responding to an online questioner, the internet users were also invited to participate in the interviews by first cond8ucting the research through email, phone or even by the use of stuffy mail. As a matter of fact, only two interviewees used phone while none used conventional mails. The initial exchange of around three emails before the base was set, the basis for the undertaking full email interviews, though the participants were all given at whatsoever junction of even meeting face-to-face, or even undertake an interview through exposure.The demographic selective inf ormation like the respondents age, employment, gender, education, social status, health status, as well as income, were all collected to serve the purpose of statistical controls. Respondents also were asked, if they have ever worked or ever stayed in a social care related units. In addition, they were questioned about their views in non traditional social care services.Email Qualitative ResearchEmail interview is just asynchronous online method of interviewing, based generally on several email exchange between the participants and the researcher (Bampton Cowton, 2002). Such like interviews allows greater flexibility for the interviewee, who might answer at his/her own convenience. Though it lacks the immediacy as compared to face-face interviews, once the basis has been set up, email communications helps in the attainment of conventional interviews and creates personal as well as thoughtful communications. In addition, email interviews allows repeated interactions as time goes by, this has been proved to be much significance for the deeper understanding of everyones dimension of the participants doctors relationship, (Mann Stewart, 2000).About 20-30 emails had been already exchanged between the each respondent and the researcher. The time of interview time relying on the speed that was adopted by the interviewees for replying the email. The interviewee age varied from 20 to 60 years. The respondents respondent to questions like what was their level of social help? They were also asked about the source of their social care? Another question was about their social problem that needs social care?The gender imbalance especially interviewees, especially in favour of females can be attributed to several reasons. One of them being the specificity of the way of interview given the gendered use as well as the social purposes of email communication the initial email contacts might have installed an intimacy level, which in one way or the other might have locked the d oor out for male audience. Another reason might be the focus on social care issues like lawyers for low income individuals and the general social care websites. Though such like websites are addressed to the public in general and purpose males social problem topics, the dimension of gender of these social issues as well as their related website has to be recognized, (Saltonstall, 1993). Another reason that can explain is that, females are socially constructed as the social gatekeepers of the family, and the society as a whole. Although according to the survey knowledge, findings proving that online social information seekers are mainly females. However the gender imbalance raises the question of whether the differentiated presence as well as the gendered use of the internet regarding social information, dimensions that need to researched on din another research.The email interviews were semi-structured, such like interviewing form being characterized by its openness and its enabling the interviewer to ensure that all themes rose as well as narratives provided by interviewees. The guide of the interview focuses on the three main issues namely the traits, context as well as the implications of the internet for social information reasons. Though initially, this method was being considered as secondary source of data collection, the relations that interviewees have with their doctors, in real sense constituted the major theme. One after the other, topics was all discussed. The process of exchanging questions, and answers having no pre-judged other than just following a style that is far much conversational style.AnalysisThe most appropriate application to the interview data according to, (Boyatzis, 1998, Flick, 1998) is thematic analysis. The application consists of encoding qualitative information through creation of several themes that usually organises a number of themes that have the capability of organizing qualitative observation as well as describing the d ata into coherent as well as meaningful ideas and constructs, which forms the foundation for the interpretation for such like data. At first, themes were organized following the interview guide before being elaborated into further subdivided themes that offers the coding foundation, under which further themes that were created inductively were also integrated, (Flick, 1998).Normally, formal informed go for is much important for all qualitative research methods in social care practices apart from participant observation, no matter the sampling method that was used in the identification of potential participants and the strategies used during their recruitment. The number of project-specific factors at ultimately upon a provably ethics committee, determines whether informed consent is written or oral. At the recruitment stage, obtaining informed consent for qualitative research involves clearly explaining the project to potential study participants.Ethical Issues for the ConductThe b est protection of the athletic field interest and well-being is the protection of their identity. If revealing the behavior or the responds harm them indeed adherence to this norm is important. The two principles involved include anonymity and confidentiality.The research guinea pig is perceived anonymous when the researcher cant associate a given data with the individual. Anonymity highlights several potential difficulties. The studies that involve field observation methods usually ensure that the research subjects are not known. Researchers might also expand access to nonpublic reports from both governmental and non-governmental organizations agencies in which the names of individuals have been uninvolved. An example is a web based survey in which no log in or other identifying data is needed. The subjects anonymously fill the questionnaires that are then tabulated. Promising anonymity makes it difficult to keep record of which sampled subjects have been interviewed. Sometimes the value of anonymity is worth paying. Other methods of information collection make it infeasible to assure anonymity for the respondents. Confidentiality comes in when the researcher links the data with the individual but promises not to do so in public. In a study of self-reported drug use, the researcher is in a position to make it open the use of illegal drugs by a given subject but the subject is guaranteed that it will not happen. Research using police or court reports that contains individuals names might protect the confidentiality by not including any starring(p) information. on the whole names and addresses data gathering forms should be interchanged by identification numbers and master identification files made to link numbers to names to allow latter(prenominal) corrections missing information, (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, 2006).Confidentiality comes in when the researcher links the data with the individual but promises not to do so in public. In a study of social care p ractice, the researcher is in a position to make it open so that it can be used by a given subject for the benefit of the respondent, but the subject is guaranteed that it will not happen. Research using reports that contains individuals names might protect the confidentiality by not including any leading information. All names and addresses data gathering forms should be interchanged by identification numbers and master identification files made to link numbers to names to allow latter corrections missing information.The Ability to CritiqueThe research needs to know how to reduce the need of labeling children as for instance disabled so that they can address the learning and behavioral requirements of such like children in a social care program. Most o0f these national psychological as well as social care providers do have good standards that require science based practices to air some sort of problems, for instance, the American psychological association ethical standards, amongs t others. There has been no agreement upon both quality as well as quantity of evidence that is necessary for the establishment as well as intervention as being evidence-based practices in social care practices.Just the research methods of a single participant design are many persuade illustrations of the casual relationships. Social care practice analysis has been for a long period of time been criticized due to limited generalizability, as an effect of the small number of this taking part in the research study. In real since, there are no established standards within social care practices analysis for the validation of interventions. As an effect, there has been no single resource that decision makers can rely on to provide guidance about the best intervention to take it under practice in case of a particular problem. The identification of evidence-based interventions is much important but not enough to provide assurance that they will be implemented in practice setting. It is ne vertheless important to address issues that ought to be complex which are associated with the implementation, (Joyce, et al, 1998).

Belgian Neutrality in the mid 1800s Essay -- essays research papers f

A bond between two nations is like a serious relationship between two people who are soul mates there is nothing that can be done to break up their passion or alliance. This is the best way to describe the selected cartoon from Punch Magazine that will be analyzed in this raise, Trust Me August 13th, 1870. This raise will discuss Englands support of Belgium independence and neutrality from a political and diplomatic viewpoint from the mid to late Nineteenth Century. Accordingly this essay will predominantly focus on the build up to the Franco-Prussian War, English diplomatic actions during the Franco-Prussian War in defense of Belgian independence and neutrality. Also, to understand England and Belgiums relationship, the Treaty of London signed in 1839 will be analyzed and discussed. Thus, this essay will cover or touch on events from 1830 to approximately 1872 and justify why England had to get involved between the belligerents of the measure.To accurately describe the situatio n at hand during the late nineteenth century in England that is depicted in the selected cartoon one must go a bit further back to understand ratiocinations and actions that have happened in the past which would be effecting England and its decisions in the time period being discussed. To do this one must consider the Belgian Revolution of 1830. The cause of the revolution was brought upon the nation in La Monnaie opera can in Brussels on August 25th, 1830 . A previously banned play about Neapolitan insurrection against Spanish Rule managed to work the move into revolution through a song lyric, My country gave me life, I shall give it liberty The revolt was a huge success for the Belgian people as they took the royal authorities by surprise with their intensity and rapid spread of rebellious activity that pushed Dutch troops out of Belgium. By September 27th, 1830 the Belgians had managed to pin down up a provisional government, proclaim Belgian independence, ordered an early el ection of a national congress, and finally drafted and proclaimed the proclamation of independence for Belgium by October 4th, 1830. Given the short time frame in which the Revolution of 1830 occurred, it didnt give England and the other super powers much time to make a decision on what had to be done. The situation was best describe by the British P... ...cessful in her efforts. BibliographyBarker, Nancy and Brown, Marvin L. JR., ed. Diplomacy in an Age of Nationalism Essays in Honor of Lynn marshal Case. Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1971.Beck, James M. The Evidence in the Case as to The Moral Responsibility for the War. New York Knickerbocker Press, 1915.Howard, Michael. The Franco-Prussian War The German Invasion of France, 1870-1871. New York The MacMillan Company, 1962.Millman, Richard. British Foreign insurance policy and the Coming of the Franco-Prussian War. Oxford The Clarendon Press, 1965.Raymond, Dora Neill. British Foreign Policy and Opinion during the Fran co-Prussian War. New York AMS Press Incorporated, 1967.Thomas, Daniel H. The Guarantee of Belgian Independence and Neutrality in European Diplomacy, 1830s-1930s. Rhode Island D.H. Thomas Publishing, 1983.

Blood Power: Mimetic Rivalry and Patrilineal Descent of Sacrificial Ritual :: Myth

Blood Power Mimetic Rivalry and Patrilineal Descent of Sacrificial ritualPERFORMANCE NOTESThis piece includes three move manpowerts. Each movement depicts a mythic or ritual relationship between womens blood and sacrifice. I shake up adapted each of these myths/rituals in some of my own words to create a narrative. In the first story, the sacrifice is not explicit, but has become a part of the ritual that reenacts the myth. The bloodletting that comprises the ritual reenactment does not result in death, but functions as a rite of passage for young boys and functions as a cathartic experience for communities of men, much as a ritual sacrifice is said to bond a community. 1 The ritual reenactment of this creation myth involves men reservation incisions on their arms and penises to simulate menstruation. The synchronicity of this action is key and is depicted not plainly in the group aspect of the ritual but in the process of shaking their bodies to spread blood on their own and others adjoining limbs.The rite of passage involves adult men entering the womens ara, where some generations of women are tending the children and working, snatching the young boys from their mothers arms and taking them to the mens camp, where they are covered in their own blood and that of other, elder men as well as red ochre only to be returned to their mothers gaze, but not to their custody. This ritual takes place not only as a rite of passage, but also as a catalyst for group solidarity, before a hunt, or to bring the rains. 2 Movement I A tale of the Wawilak Sisters and the Rainbow SnakeThis Aboriginal Australian creation myth is found predominantly in the northern and western regions of the region. There are many variations of this myth. The version you are about to read comes from Blood Relations Menstruation and the Origins of Culture, by Chris Knight 3 . The Wawilak Sisters and the Rainbow SnakeAt the beginning of time, two sisters were trave ling crosswise the landscape giving names to the features of a previously unnamed world. One carried a child the other was pregnant. They had both committed incest in their own country, the country of the Wawilak.